Energy scavenging interface with impedance matching, method for impedance matching of the energy scavenging interface, and energy scavenging system using the energy scavenging interface

ABSTRACT

An energy harvesting interface receives an electrical signal from an inductive transducer and outputs a supply signal. An input branch includes a first switch and a second switch connected in series between a first input terminal and an output terminal, and further a third switch and a fourth switch connected in series between a second input terminal and the output terminal. A first electrical-signal-detecting device coupled across the second switch detects a first threshold value of an electric storage current in the inductor of the transducer. A second electrical-signal-detecting device coupled across the fourth switch detects whether the electric supply current that flows through the fourth switch reaches a second threshold value lower than the first threshold value.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application claims priority from Italian Application for Patent No.TO2015A000234 filed Apr. 29, 2015, the disclosure of which isincorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to an energy harvesting interface withimpedance matching, to a method for impedance matching of the energyharvesting system, and to an energy harvesting system that uses theenergy harvesting interface.

BACKGROUND

As is known, systems for harvesting energy (also known as “energyscavenging systems”) from intermittent environmental-energy sources(i.e., ones that supply energy in an irregular way) have aroused andcontinue to arouse considerable interest in a wide range oftechnological fields. Typically, energy harvesting systems areconfigured to harvest, store, and transfer energy generated bymechanical or thermal sources to a generic load of an electrical type.

The mechanical energy is converted, by one or more appropriatetransducers (for example, piezoelectric or electromagnetic devices) intoelectrical energy, which may be used for supplying an electrical load.In this way, the electrical load does not require batteries or othersupply systems, which are cumbersome and present a low resistance inregard to mechanical stresses.

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration in the form of functional blocks ofan energy harvesting system of a known type. FIG. 2 shows, according toa simplified circuit representation, the energy harvesting system ofFIG. 1.

The energy harvesting system of FIG. 1 comprises: a transducer 2, forexample of an electromagnetic type, subject in use to environmentalmechanical vibrations and configured to convert mechanical energy intoelectrical energy, typically into AC (alternating current) voltages; ascavenging interface 4, for example comprising a diode-bridge rectifiercircuit (also known as Graetz bridge), configured to receive at inputthe AC signal generated by the transducer 2 and supplying at output a DC(direct current) signal for charging a capacitor 5 connected to theoutput of the rectifier circuit 4; and a DC-DC converter 6, connected tothe capacitor 5 for receiving at input the electrical energy stored bythe capacitor 5 and supplying it to an electrical load 8. Thus, thecapacitor 5 has the function of element for storing energy, which ismade available, when required, to the electrical load 8 for operation ofthe latter. This type of interface, which operates as a peak detector,presents some drawbacks.

The efficiency of the system 1 of FIG. 1 is markedly dependent upon thesignal generated by the transducer 2. In the absence of the DC-DCconverter 6, the efficiency rapidly drops to zero (i.e., the system 1 isunable to harvest environmental energy) when the amplitude of the signalof the transducer 2 (signal V_(TRANSD)) assumes a value lower, inabsolute value, than V_(OUT)+2V_(TH) _(_) _(D) where V_(OUT) is thevoltage across the capacitor 5, and V_(TH) _(_) _(D) is the thresholdvoltage of the diodes that form the energy harvesting interface 4. Ifthe amplitude of the signal V_(TRANSD) of the transducer 2 is lower thantwice the threshold voltage V_(TH) _(_) _(D) of the diodes of therectifier of the energy harvesting interface 4 (i.e., V_(TRANSD)<2V_(TH)_(_) _(D)), then the efficiency of the system 1 is zero, the voltageacross the output capacitor 5 is zero, the environmental energy is notharvested, and the electrical load 8 is not supplied.

When the DC-DC converter 6 (of a boost type) is set between the outputcapacitor 5 and the electrical load 8, it is possible to make up for thedrop in efficiency. However, in this situation, the current supplied bythe transducer and rectified by the diode bridge is not regulated and isnot actively controlled. Consequently, the impedance R_(LOAD)represented schematically in FIG. 2 cannot be matched to the seriesimpedance R_(S) of the transducer 2. This in any case causes a globalloss of efficiency of the system 1.

A further solution, which enables active control of the current suppliedby the transducer 2, envisages use of an AC-DC converter. This solution,for example proposed by IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, Vol. 25,No. 8, Aug. 2010, pp. 2188-2199 (incorporated by reference), envisagesthe use of a closed-loop boost converter that exploits directly theseries inductance of the transducer and generates a regulated voltagethat charges the output capacitor. However, this solution presents somedisadvantages. For instance, if the mean power made available by thetransducer is less than the power required by the load, the regulatedoutput voltage drops instantaneously. Furthermore, in this condition,the AC-DC converter is unable to make up immediately for the voltagedrop on the output capacitor, harvesting further energy for supply ofthe electrical load. The energy harvesting efficiency is thusjeopardized. In addition, the load is not correctly supplied in so faras it does not receive sufficient energy from the energy harvestinginterface.

In general, to obtain the maximum transfer of energy between atransducer and a load by means of an energy harvesting interface coupledbetween them, it is expedient for the equivalent input impedance of theenergy harvesting interface to be such as to enable the maximum transferof energy (impedance matching). In energy harvesting system of a knowntype this is not always possible in so far as said systems areprogrammed for working in predefined operating conditions and hence donot adapt to the variation of said operating conditions.

There is accordingly a need in the art to provide an energy harvestinginterface with impedance matching, a method for impedance matching ofthe energy harvesting interface, a system for harvesting environmentalenergy that uses the energy harvesting interface, that will enable theaforementioned problems and disadvantages for being overcome.

SUMMARY

According to the present invention, an energy harvesting interface withimpedance matching, a method for impedance matching of the energyharvesting interface, and a system for harvesting environmental energythat uses the energy harvesting interface are provided as defined in theannexed claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the present invention, preferredembodiments thereof are now described, purely by way of non-limitingexample and with reference to the attached drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 shows an energy harvesting system according to a knownembodiment;

FIG. 2 shows a circuit equivalent to the energy harvesting system ofFIG. 1;

FIGS. 3A and 3B show an energy harvesting system comprising a circuit ofan energy harvesting interface that may operate according to the stepsof the method of FIG. 11, according to respective embodiments;

FIGS. 4a and 4B show the energy harvesting system of FIG. 3A or 3 b inrespective operating conditions, following one another in time;

FIGS. 5A-5C show, using the same time scale, the time plot of currentsignals of the energy harvesting system of FIG. 3A or FIG. 3B in theoperating conditions of FIGS. 4A and 4B;

FIG. 6 shows the generation of a signal correlated to an environmentalstimulus to which the energy harvesting system of FIG. 3A or FIG. 3B issubject during use;

FIG. 7 shows the energy harvesting system of FIG. 3A or FIG. 3B ingreater detail, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 8 shows a current detector used in the energy harvesting system ofFIG. 7;

FIG. 9 shows a further current detector used in the energy harvestingsystem of FIG. 7;

FIG. 10 shows the energy harvesting system of FIG. 3A or FIG. 3B ingreater detail, according to a further embodiment;

FIG. 11 shows, by a flowchart, steps of a method for operating theenergy harvesting system of FIG. 3A, 3B, 7 or 10;

FIG. 12 shows an energy harvesting system according to a furtherembodiment;

FIG. 13 shows, by a flowchart, steps of a method for operating theenergy harvesting system of FIG. 12; and

FIG. 14 shows a wind generator (turbine) implementation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The energy harvesting interface (in particular, having the configurationof a rectifier circuit) may be connected between an input-signal source(in particular, a variable voltage signal) and an electrical load (withthe optional interposition of a DC-DC converter configured to supply tothe electrical load a voltage signal having a voltage level accepted bythe electrical load). The energy harvesting interface comprises,according to one embodiment, a first switch and a second switch, set inseries with respect to one another, connected between an input terminalof the interface and a reference terminal of the interface, set atconstant voltage (e.g., ground voltage, in particular 0 V). Theinterface further comprises a third switch and a fourth switch, set inseries with respect to one another, connected between an input terminalof the interface and the reference terminal of the interface on whichthe energy is harvested. The energy harvesting interface furthercomprises control logic, coupled to the control terminals of the firstand second switches, configured to open/close the first and secondswitches by an appropriate control signal.

The energy harvesting interface further comprises, as has been said,additional, third and fourth, switches, each having a control terminal.In use, for a polarity of the transduced input signal, the third andfourth switches are kept closed and are used during steps of detectionof the current that flows through them, by the control logic. Thesedetection steps define passage from a condition of storage of energyharvested by the transducer (exploiting the inductor integrated in thetransducer itself) to a condition of transfer of said energy at output,for example to a storage capacitor and/or to an electrical load.

The storage capacitor is coupled to the output of the energy harvestinginterface. The electrical load may be coupled in parallel to the storagecapacitor, said electrical load being supplied by the energy stored inthe capacitor.

As has already been said, a DC-DC converter, of buck, or boost, orbuck/boost type may be optionally set between the capacitor and theelectrical load.

In a first operating condition, and for a first polarity of thetransduced voltage, the first and second switches are closed and theenergy harvesting interface stores electrical energy; the diodeguarantees that during this operating condition the energy will not flowto the storage capacitor.

In a second operating condition, and for the first polarity of thetransduced voltage, the first switch is opened and the second switch iskept closed; the capacitor is charged by the electrical energypreviously stored during the first operating condition and transferredthrough the diode. In the aforementioned first and second operatingconditions, the third and fourth switches are kept closed (i.e., ON).

Passage from the first operating condition to the second operatingcondition, and vice versa, is cyclic. When the transduced voltage has asecond polarity opposite to the first polarity (e.g., the first polarityis positive, and the second polarity is negative), the above operationsare carried out in a similar way by appropriately controlling the thirdand fourth switches and keeping the first and second switches closed(ON).

The temporal duration of the first and second operating conditions iscalculated by appropriate blocks for detecting the current that flowsbetween the inputs of the energy harvesting interface and the referenceterminal. These values are then supplied to the control logic thatcontrols the switches according to one aspect of the present invention.

The energy harvesting interface according to the present invention isdescribed in detail with reference to an application thereof, inparticular as rectifier circuit of an energy harvesting system setbetween a voltage source (transducer) and an electrical load (or storageelement).

In particular, according an aspect of the present disclosure, the inputimpedance of the energy harvesting interface is regulated in such a waythat the transducer “sees” an impedance such as to enable the maximumtransfer of power to the electrical load. By way of example, in the caseof a transducer of a wind-power type (see, for example, FIG. 14 withwind generator 200 include blades 201 which cause actuation of an energyharvesting system 20 including a transducer 22), in which the transducedelectrical signal is a function of the wind speed, the input impedanceof the harvesting interface varies as a function of the wind speed.

FIG. 3A shows an energy harvesting system 20 comprising a rectifiercircuit 24, according to one embodiment.

In general, the energy harvesting system 20 comprises: a transducer 22(similar to the transducer 2 of FIG. 1) including its own outputterminals 22′, 22″; the rectifier circuit 24, including a first inputterminal 25′ and a second input terminal 25″, electrically coupled,respectively, to the output terminals 22′, 22″ of the transducer 22, afirst output terminal 26′, and a reference terminal 26″; and a storageelement 27, for example a capacitor, connected between the first outputterminal 26′ and the reference terminal 26″ of the rectifier circuit 24,and configured to store electrical charge supplied at output from therectifier circuit 24. According to one embodiment, the referenceterminal 26″ is a ground-voltage reference terminal GND, for exampleequal to approximately 0 V. Other reference voltages may be used.

The transducer 22 is, for example, an electromagnetic transducer, and isrepresented schematically for including a voltage generator 22 a,configured to supply a voltage V_(TRANSD), an inductor 22 b (typical ofthe electromagnetic transducer) having an inductance L_(S), and aresistor 22 c having a resistance R_(S), connected in series to theinductor 22 b.

On the output of the rectifier circuit 24, in parallel with the storageelement 27, there may be connected an electrical load 28, configured tobe supplied by the charge stored in the storage element 27 or by means,for example, of a DC-DC converter (not illustrated in the figures) inthe case where the electrical load requires a voltage value differentfrom the voltage generated at output from the rectifier circuit 24.

Connected in series together between the first input terminal 25′ andthe reference terminal 26″ of the rectifier circuit 24 are ahigh-voltage (HV) switch 30 a and a low-voltage (LV) switch 30 b, inparticular of the voltage-controlled type. The switches 30 a and 30 bare, for example, N-channel field-effect transistors (FETs).

The HV switch 30 a is a device that is able to withstand high voltages.According to one embodiment, the HV switch 30 a is a DMOS transistorconfigured to operate with gate-to-drain voltages (V_(GD)) anddrain-to-source voltages (V_(DS)) ranging between 30 and 50 V, forexample 40 V.

In addition to DMOSs, it is likewise possible to use drift MOSs anddrain extension MOSs, which are transistors that may withstand highvoltages between drain and source terminals, and between gate and drainterminals. It may be noted that the range of voltages indicated ispurely indicative and non-limiting. Technologies configured to withstandvoltages higher than 50 V are known and under development, and maylikewise be used in the context of the present invention.

The LV switch 30 b is a low-voltage device. According to one embodiment,the LV switch 30 b is a CMOS transistor configured to operate withgate-to-source voltages (V_(GS)) ranging, for example, between 1 and 5V, in particular 2.5-3.6 V, for example 3.3 V. Other technologies forlow-voltage transistors envisage slightly higher operating voltages, forexample in the region of 4-5 V.

It is evident that the values appearing indicate a possible embodiment,and vary according to the technology used for the transistors and to thespecific application of the present invention.

The first input terminal 25′ is electrically coupled to the first outputterminal 26′ by a diode 36. The diode 36 is chosen for having a lowforward threshold voltage, in the region of 0.6-0.7 V, for maximizingthe efficiency of the rectifier, above all in the steps where thevoltage stored on the output capacitor is low.

According to an alternative embodiment (not illustrated), the diode 36may be replaced by a MOSFET, for example, of the N-channel type. As isknown, a MOSFET has an internal diode (parasitic diode). In this case,the MOSFET may be operated in an active way (by actively controllingturning-on and turning-off of the MOSFET), or in a passive way (byturning off the MOSFET and exploiting the internal parasitic diode).

Furthermore, the rectifier circuit 24 comprises a further HV switch 31 aand a further LV switch 31 b, connected together in series andelectrically coupled between the second input terminal 25″ and thereference terminal 26″ of the rectifier circuit 24. The switches 31 aand 31 b are similar to the switches 30 a and 30 b, and such that the HVswitch 31 a is a device that is able to withstand high gate-to-drainvoltages and drain-to-source voltages (for example 30-50 V, inparticular 40 V), whereas the LV switch 31 b is a low-voltage device,for example a CMOS, which is able to withstand low gate-to-sourcevoltages (for example, 1-5 V, in particular 2.5-3.6V, even more inparticular 3.3 V). Other technologies for low-voltage transistorsenvisage slightly higher operating voltages, for example in the regionof 4-5 V.

The second input terminal 25″ is electrically coupled to the firstoutput terminal 26′ by a diode 38, similar to the diode 36. According toan alternative embodiment (not illustrated), the diode 38 may bereplaced by a MOSFET, for example an N-channel MOSFET. As is known, aMOSFET has an internal diode (parasitic diode). In this case, saidMOSFET may be operated in a active way (by actively controllingturning-on and turning-off of the MOSFET), or in a passive way (byturning off the MOSFET and exploiting the internal parasitic diode).

For simplicity of description, the HV switches 30 a and 31 a willhereinafter be referred to, respectively, as “high-voltage (HV)transistors 30 a and 31 a”, without this implying any loss ofgenerality, and the LV switches 30 b and 31 b be referred to,respectively, as “low-voltage (LV) transistors 30 b and 31 b”, withoutthis implying any loss of generality.

Likewise, the terms “transistor closed” or “transistor ON” willhereinafter refer to a transistor biased so to enable conduction ofelectric current between its source and drain terminals, i.e.,configured to behave as a closed switch, and the terms “transistor open”or “transistor OFF” will hereinafter refer to a transistor biased so notto enable conduction of electric current between its source and drainterminals, i.e., configured to behave ideally as an open or inhibitedswitch.

FIG. 3B shows the energy harvesting system 20 of FIG. 3A, where theswitches have been replaced by respective transistors. Each transistoris further represented with its own internal diode (parasitic diode).

With reference to FIG. 3B, the drain terminal D of the HV transistor 30a is connected to the first input terminal 25′ of the rectifier circuit24, whereas the source terminal S of the HV transistor 30 a is connectedto the drain terminal D of the LV transistor 30 b; the source terminal Sof the LV transistor 30 b is instead connected to the reference terminal26″. The diode 36 has its cathode electrically coupled to the outputterminal 26′ of the rectifier circuit 24 and its anode electricallycoupled to the first input terminal 25′ of the rectifier circuit 24.

As regards the HV transistor 31 a and LV transistor 31 b, these areconnected between the second input terminal 25″ and the referenceterminal 26″ of the rectifier circuit 24 so that the source terminal Sof the LV transistor 31 b is connected to the reference terminal 26″,the drain terminal D of the HV transistor 31 a is connected to thesecond input terminal 25″, and the remaining drain terminal D of the LVtransistor 31 b and source terminal S of the HV transistor 31 a areconnected together.

The diode 38 has its cathode electrically coupled to the output terminal26′ of the rectifier circuit 24 and its anode electrically coupled tothe second input terminal 25″ of the rectifier circuit 24. Duringpositive half-cycles of the input voltage V_(IN), the voltage isrectified by appropriately driving the HV transistor 30 a, keeping thetransistors 30 b, 31 a, 31 b in the ON state. Instead, during negativehalf-cycles of the input voltage V_(IN), the voltage is rectified byappropriately driving the HV transistor 31 a, keeping the transistors 31b, 30 a, 30 b in the ON state.

According to one embodiment, the rectifier circuit 24 further comprisesa control circuit and a control logic, designated in FIG. 3A or FIG. 3Bby the reference numbers 60 and 70, and better described with referenceto FIGS. 8 and 9. Furthermore, the control logic 60 implements the stepsof the method of FIG. 11.

In use, for example for positive values of the voltage V_(IN), the HVtransistor 30 a and the LV transistor 30 b are kept ON for at least atime interval T_(DELAY) for storing energy in the inductor 22 b(situation illustrated schematically in FIG. 4A). During this step,storage of the energy in the inductor 22 b is guaranteed by the factthat the diode 36 does not conduct. Furthermore, also the transistors 31a and 31 b are kept in the ON state.

Then, when the time interval T_(DELAY) has elapsed and the energy stored(current flowing) in the inductor 22 b has reached a minimum thresholdvalue I_(TH), the HV transistor 30 a is turned off. A current may thusflow from the inductor 22 b, through the diode 36, to the storageelement 27/electrical load 28. This situation is illustratedschematically in FIG. 4B.

As has been said, the input signal V_(IN) is a variable signal, i.e.,having a polarity that varies in time. For negative polarities ofV_(IN), what has been described with reference to FIGS. 4A and 4B is inany case valid by controlling in a similar way the transistors 31 a and31 b. The steps of control of these transistors are not herein describedfor brevity, but are apparent to the person skilled in the branch on thebasis of what has so far been described.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, in both of theoperating conditions of FIGS. 4A and 4B, for positive polarities of theinput voltage V_(IN), the LV transistor 30 b is always kept closed, andthe control logic 60 drives just the HV transistor 30 a into theopen/closed state. Likewise, for negative polarities of the inputvoltage V_(IN), the control logic 60 drives just the HV transistor 31 ainto the open/closed state, whereas the LV transistor 31 b is alwayskept closed. This situation is schematically represented in FIG. 3B,which shows a voltage generator, configured to generate a voltageV_(DD), coupled to the control terminals G of the LV transistors 30 band 31 b. The voltage V_(DD) is chosen with a value such as to drive theLV transistors 30 b and 31 b into the closed state.

During the step of FIG. 4B, where the current stored in the inductor 22b is transferred at output on the storage element 27 by the diode 36 (oralternatively the diode 38, according to the polarity of the inputvoltage V_(IN)), an increase in the output voltage V_(OUT) is noted.

Hereinafter, operation of the rectifier 24 is described more fully withreference to a circuit model valid for one polarity (in particular, thepositive polarity) of the input signal V_(IN), for greater simplicityand clarity of description. As has been said, what has been describedmay in any case be readily applicable to control of the transistors 31 aand 31 b, in the case of negative polarity of the input signal V_(IN).

FIG. 4A shows a circuit equivalent to the circuit of FIG. 3A or FIG. 3B,for positive half-waves of the input voltage V_(IN). The diode 36, inthis condition, does not conduct. The transistors 30 a and 30 b are ON.In this operating condition, the transistors 30 a and 30 b are ideallyreplaced by respective resistors which have a resistance R^(HV) _(ON)and, respectively, R^(LV) _(ON) (ON-state resistance of the transistors30 a and 30 b).

The current I_(L) that flows in the inductor 22 b is equal to thecurrent I_(ON) that traverses the transistors 30 a and 30 b in the ONstate. The value of the current I_(L) increases until it reaches amaximum, or peak, value I_(p) (see the graph of FIG. 5A).

The current I_(ON) reaches the peak value I_(p) at timet=t_(c)=T_(DELAY). For simplicity, it is assumed that the startinginstant t₀ is 0 μs.

Once the time interval T_(DELAY) has elapsed and assuming that thecurrent I_(L) that flows in the inductor 22 b has reached a value equalto, or higher than, the threshold value I_(TH), the operating conditionrepresented schematically in FIG. 4B is reached.

The time interval T_(DELAY) is the interval between the instant ofclosing of the HV transistor 30 a (at time t₀) and the instant ofopening of the HV transistor 30 a (at time t_(c)).

With reference to FIG. 4B, at time t_(c), the HV transistor 30 a isopened, and the diode 36 starts to conduct. The current I_(L) that flowsfrom the inductor 22 b to the output 26′ of the rectifier 24 is thecurrent I_(OUT) that charges the capacitor 27. In this step, the currentin the inductor 22 b decreases with a constant slope, until it reachesthe predefined value I_(OFF) (at time t_(max), see again FIG. 5A).

I_(OFF) is a constant value, given by I_(p)/K, where K is a constanthigher than 1 (chosen as explained hereinafter). FIG. 5A shows the plotof the current I_(L) at time t (in microseconds). The curve of thecurrent I_(L) reaches the peak value I_(p) at the instant t_(c), wherethe HV transistor 30 a is opened (see FIG. 5B).

Then, between t_(c) and t_(max) (time interval T_(CHARGE)) the currentI_(L) decreases until it reaches the value I_(OFF)=I_(p)/K.

FIG. 5B shows, using the same time scale as that of FIG. 5A, the plot ofthe current I_(ON) that flows through the HV transistor 30 a during thestep of FIG. 4A of charging of the inductor 22 b. In the time intervalt₀-t_(c), the current I_(ON) follows the same plot as that of thecurrent I_(L); at the instant t_(c), the HV transistor 30 a is openedand consequently the current I_(ON) drops to zero.

FIG. 5C shows, using the same time scale as that of FIGS. 5A and 5B, theplot of the output current I_(OUT). The current I_(OUT) remains at azero value in the time interval t₀-t_(c), to reach the peak value I_(p)at the instant t_(c) in which the capacitor 27 is electrically coupledto the inductor 22 b. Then, between t_(c) and t_(max) (within the timeinterval T_(CHARGE)), the energy stored in the inductor 22 b suppliesand charges the capacitor 27.

At time t_(max), when the current that flows to the capacitor 27 reachesthe threshold value I_(OFF), the HV transistor 30 a is closed so thatthe inductor 22 b charges again, as has already been described. Thesteps of charge and discharge of the inductor 22 b (and, consequently,of supply of the capacitor 27/load 28) repeat in a cyclic way.

The integral of the curve of I_(OUT) (FIG. 5C) between time t_(c) andtime t_(max) indicates the charge Q_(CYCLE) transferred between theinput and the output of the rectifier 24 in the time intervalT_(CHARGE). In order to maximize the efficiency of transfer of chargebetween the input and the output of the rectifier 24, it is expedient tomaximize the value of the power P_(CYCLE) transferred at output from therectifier circuit 24 in each cycle of charge/discharge of the inductor22 b. The power P_(CYCLE) is defined as P_(CYCLE)=V_(OUT)·I_(CYCLE),where I_(CYCLE) is given by I_(CYCLE)=Q_(CYCLE)/T_(CYCLE), whereT_(CYCLE) is the time interval between t₀ and t_(max)(T_(CYCLE)=T_(DELAY)+T_(CHARGE)).

The present applicant has found that P_(CYCLE) is given by the followingrelation (where I_(ON) assumes the peak value I_(p))

$P_{CYCLE} = {\frac{\frac{I_{ON} + I_{OFF}}{2} \cdot T_{CHARGE}}{T_{DELAY} + T_{{CHARGE}\;}} \cdot V_{OUT}}$

From the foregoing relation it may be noted how the power P_(CYCLE) is afunction of the parameters T_(DELAY) and K (given that T_(CHARGE) is afunction of K), and of the external variables V_(TRANSD) (voltage of thetransducer) and V_(OUT) (voltage across the capacitor 27). Since thevoltage V_(TRANSD) is not a parameter that may be controlled beforehand,but may only be measured instant per instant, as likewise the voltageV_(OUT), maximizing the value of P_(CYCLE) thus means finding theoptimal values of T_(DELAY) and K such that the curve of P_(CYCLE)reaches a maximum value, or a value close to the maximum, or an optimalvalue definable according to the particular application and designrequirements.

The values of the time interval T_(DELAY) and of the factor K make itpossible to set the input impedance of the energy harvesting interfaceand to obtain an optimal value of impedance as the value of theenvironmental stimulus on the basis of which the voltage V_(TRANSD) isgenerated varies. In order to increase the values of coupling efficiencyη_(COUPLE), in particular to keep values of efficiency equal to orhigher than 95%, it is expedient to monitor the value of theenvironmental stimulus and set the values of T_(DELAY) and K as afunction of the measured value. This is particularly important inapplications where the environmental stimulus to which the transducer issubject varies considerably, causing a consequent variation of thesignal transduced V_(TRANSD) and, consequently, a possible reduction ofcoupling efficiency.

To achieve the aforesaid purpose it is expedient to define, for exampleby means of databases stored in a memory of the control logic 60, aunique association between the values that the environmental stimulus,to which the transducer 22 is subject in use, may assume and a measuredvalue of input resistance of the interface, and a further uniqueassociation between a value of input resistance and a respective pair ofvalues of the variables T_(DELAY) and K. In fact, the present applicanthas found that the transfer of energy made by the transducer 22 is afunction of the environmental stimulus and of the impedance coupled tothe output terminals of the transducer 22. In other words, to maintainthe maximum transfer of energy as the environmental stimulus varies,also the impedance coupled to the output of the transducer 22 must varyaccordingly.

To obtain the foregoing, it is expedient to characterize beforehand thetransducer 22 used. This operation may easily be carried out for avariety of transducers, for example wind transducers, solar transducers,vibration transducers, thermal transducers, etc.

In the first place, the output of the transducer is connected to aresistive test load with variable resistance.

Then, the transducer is subjected to an environmental stimulus (forexample, in the case of a wind transducer, the transducer is set in awind tunnel). By keeping the environmental stimulus fixed, the powertransferred at output on the resistive test load is measured for aplurality of discrete values of resistance of the resistive test load.In this way, a plurality of associations are obtained between a value ofenvironmental stimulus, values of load resistance, and power transferredat output on the resistive test load. The value of interest is,obviously, the value of load resistance for which there is the maximumpower transfer.

The next step is to vary the value of the environmental stimulus indiscrete steps, for a plurality of values in a predefined operatingrange. For instance, in the case of a wind transducer, the speed of thewind is made to vary. For each discrete value of the environmentalstimulus the procedure is as described previously; i.e., the value ofresistance of the resistive test load is made to vary in order toidentify at what value of load resistance there is the maximum transferof power at output.

It is thus possible to generate a database in which associated to eachvalue of environmental stimulus is a value of optimal load resistancesuch that the transducer is able to maximize the transfer of powertransduced at output.

Since by varying the values of the time interval T_(DELAY) and of thefactor K, the value of electrical resistance that the rectifier circuit24 presents to the transducer 22 is varied, it is possible to generatean association between a pair of values T_(DELAY), K and a value ofinput resistance presented by the rectifier circuit 24 to the transducer22. For this purpose, the procedure is as described in what follows.

The input terminals 25′, 25″ of the rectifier circuit 24 (to which theelectrical load 27, 28 is coupled) are connected to a test-voltagegenerator module that constitutes an equivalent model of a voltagetransducer (for example, a model that includes a voltage generator witha resistor and an inductor set in series).

Via the control logic 60, a first value of the parameter T_(DELAY) and arespective first value of the parameter K are set. Then, a first voltageis supplied between the input terminals 25′ and 25″ of the rectifiercircuit 24, and the value of electrical resistance at the inputterminals 25′ and 25″ is measured and stored.

Following the electrical diagram of FIG. 2, from the voltage V_(TRANSD)(which is known) emulated by the test-voltage generator, the seriesresistance R_(S) (which is known, in so far as it is the seriesresistance of the generator or the series resistance external to thegenerator itself), and the current i_(TEST) supplied by the test-voltagegenerator (which is known), it is possible to derive immediately theresistance at the input terminals 25′ and 25″ asR_(IN)=(V_(TRANSD)−R_(S)·i_(TEST))/i_(TEST). In this case, V_(TRANSD)and i_(TEST) are mean values, calculated on a predefined time interval,for example chosen as being of an order of magnitude greater than theorder of magnitude of the intervals T_(DELAY) considered.

Next, the value of just the parameter K is varied, and the new value ofelectrical resistance at the input terminals 25′ and 25″ is measured andstored. The same procedure is followed for all the values envisaged forthe parameter K.

Then, the value of just the parameter T_(DELAY) is varied, and the valueof electrical resistance at the input terminals 25′ and 25″ obtained foreach possible pair of the values T_(DELAY) and K is measured and stored.

In this way, it is possible to associate uniquely, for example in adatabase, a specific value of resistance present at the input terminals25′ and 25″ to a pair of values T_(DELAY), K.

During use of the energy harvesting interface according to the presentdisclosure, it is hence possible to measure a current value of inputresistance of the energy harvesting interface and associate to saidmeasured value a pair of values T_(DELAY), K such that the transfer ofenergy from the transducer 22 to the rectifier circuit 24 is maximized.

For this purpose, the control logic 60 stores, in an internal memory, adatabase containing a plurality of possible values of the relevantenvironmental stimulus (wind speed in the case of a wind transducer,light intensity in the case of a solar transducer, intensity ofvibration in the case of a vibration transducer, etc.) and a respectiveplurality of other values of input resistance, and an associationbetween the latter and respective pairs of values T_(DELAY), K, so thateach pair T_(DELAY), K is uniquely associated to one of the values ofthe environmental stimulus.

In use, the value of the environmental stimulus is measured and, on thebasis of the values stored in the database, the energy harvestinginterface is programmed with the corresponding values of T_(DELAY) andK.

Measurement of the environmental stimulus may be made in various ways,for example by means of sensors external to the energy harvestinginterface, which communicate with the control logic 60 for sending tothe latter the information detected (e.g., wind speed).

Alternatively, the measurement of the environmental stimulus may be madeindirectly by measuring, in use, the frequency of the transduced voltagesignal V_(TRANSD), i.e., the frequency of the voltage signal V_(IN) atinput to the rectifier circuit 24, and associating said measuredfrequency to a unique value of the environmental stimulus. Inparticular, this applies when resonant transducers are used, whichgenerate a transduced signal having a specific resonance frequencydepending upon a characteristic quantity of the environmental stimulus(for example, as a function of the wind speed in the case of a resonantwind transducer).

For this purpose, it is possible to modify the database stored in thememory of the control logic 60 in such a way that uniquely associated toeach pair of values T_(DELAY), K is a value of frequency of thetransduced signal (which, as has been said, indicates a specific valueof a respective quantity of the environmental stimulus). In this way, itis not necessary to have available a detector external to the energyharvesting interface for measuring the value of the environmentalstimulus, but signals generated inside the harvesting interface itselfare exclusively used (the interface is hence autonomous in itsoperation). Association between the value of the environmental stimulusand the frequency of the signal transduced may be easily obtainedthrough experimental tests, for example by subjecting the transducer 22to an environmental stimulus of a variable value and detecting, for eachvalue assumed by the environmental stimulus, the corresponding value offrequency of the transduced signal. As has been said, in particular inthe case of resonant transducers (which are known to the art),corresponding to each value of environmental stimulus is a unique valueof resonance frequency (frequency of the transduced signal).

FIG. 6 is a graphic representation of generation of a digital signalS_(CHOP) identifying the frequency of the transduced signal V_(TRANSD)(V_(IN)). The digital signal S_(CHOP) is generated, for example, bymeans of an analog-to-digital converter coupled between the outputterminals 22′, 22″ of the transducer 22, and supplied to the controllogic 60, to be interpreted. A microcontroller, for example external tothe energy harvesting interface, receives the digital signal S_(CHOP),derives (in a way in itself known) the value of frequency of the digitalsignal S_(CHOP), and sets the values of T_(DELAY) and K that, in thedatabase stored, are uniquely associated to the value of frequency ofthe digital signal S_(CHOP).

The operation of acquisition of the digital signal S_(CHOP) and/or theoperation of detection of the frequency of the digital signal S_(CHOP)may be carried out at regular intervals or in a continuous way, so thatthe values are modified whenever the value of the environmental stimuluschanges. In order to prevent continuous updating of the values ofT_(DELAY) and K for minimal variations of the values of theenvironmental stimulus, it is possible to introduce a threshold, forexample such that the values of T_(DELAY) and K are updated when thefrequency of the digital signal S_(CHOP) varies significantly withrespect to the previous value. A significant variation is, for example,5% to 10% of the frequency value.

FIG. 7 shows, by functional blocks, a control circuit 70 for driving theHV transistor 30 a in order to implement the operating conditions ofFIGS. 4A and 4B. The control circuit 70 operates, in particular, forpositive half-waves (V_(IN) ⁺) of the input signal V_(IN). The LVtransistors 30 b and 31 b are biased at constant voltage V_(DD), forbeing kept always in the ON state. The value of the voltage V_(DD) isthus chosen on the basis of the characteristics of these transistors,with the purpose of driving them into the ON state.

In order to drive the HV transistor 31 a for negative half-waves of theinput signal V_(IN), a circuit architecture is used similar to the oneillustrated for the control circuit 70 (see, for example, FIG. 10).

In greater detail, the control circuit 70 comprises a first currentdetector 72, coupled between the source terminal S and the drainterminal D of the LV transistor 30 b, for detecting (during the step ofFIG. 4A) the instant in which the current I_(ON) that flows through theLV transistor 30 b (and, consequently, also through the HV transistor 30a) exceeds the threshold I_(TH). When this condition is detected, andthe interval T_(DELAY) has elapsed, the control logic 60 drives the HVtransistor 30 a into inhibition, thus controlling passage to theoperating condition of FIG. 4B. In addition, the current detector 72participates in generation, in the step of FIG. 4A, of a scaled copyI_(ON)/K of the current that flows in the LV transistor 30 b, asillustrated more clearly hereinafter.

FIG. 8 shows in greater detail the first current detector 72, accordingto one embodiment. With reference to FIG. 8, a first portion of thecurrent detector 72 comprises a comparator 86 configured to receive atinput, on its non-inverting terminal, the voltage signal present on thesource terminal S of the HV transistor 30 a (or likewise on the drainterminal of the LV transistor 30 b) and, on its inverting terminal, avoltage signal V_(TH) identifying the threshold I_(TH) (by anappropriate voltage-to-current conversion, in itself obvious). Thecomparator 86 generates at output a digital signal V_(OUT) _(_) _(TH),which assumes the low logic level “0” when I_(ON)<I_(TH) and the highlogic level “1” when I_(ON)≥I_(TH) (or vice versa). In greater detail,the comparator 86 is configured to receive, at input on itsnon-inverting terminal, the voltage signal present on the sourceterminal of the HV transistor 30 a (signal V_(IN) ⁺), and, at input onits inverting terminal, a threshold-voltage signal V_(TH) such thatV_(TH)=I_(TH)·(R^(HV) _(ON)+R^(LV) _(ON)), where, as has already beensaid, R^(HV) _(ON) is the ON-state resistance of the HV transistor 30 a,and R^(LV) _(ON) is the ON-state resistance of the LV transistor 30 b.When the voltage on the source terminal of the HV transistor 30 aexceeds the threshold V_(TH), the output of the comparator 86 changesstate to signal that the threshold has been exceeded (and thus toindicate that I_(L)=I_(ON)≥I_(TH)).

The signal at output from the comparator 86 is supplied to the controllogic 60. The control logic 60 monitors the duration of the timeinterval T_(DELAY) and, when the time interval T_(DELAY) has elapsed,turns off the HV transistor 30 a.

Passage of the time interval T_(DELAY) may alternatively be monitored bythe comparator 86. In this case, the signal at output from thecomparator 86 assumes a high logic level when I_(ON)≥I_(TH) andt≥T_(DELAY), and the control logic 60 turns off the HV transistor 30 aat the rising edge of the digital signal generated by the comparator 86.

A second portion of the current detector 72 comprises a negativefeedback loop including a comparator 89, which controls the current thatflows on an output branch 90 of the current detector 72, by acting onthe control terminal of a transistor 91 belonging to the output branch90. The output branch 90 further comprises an additional transistor 92,connected in series to the transistor 91. Note that the transistor 92 isa low-voltage transistor, for example a CMOS. In particular, thetransistor 92 is configured to operate with gate-to-source voltages inthe range 1-5 V, in particular 2.5 V-3.6 V, for example at 3.3 V. Otherlow-voltage-transistor technologies envisage slightly higher operatingvoltages, for example in the region of 4-5 V.

In particular, the transistor 92 is of the same type as the LVtransistor 30 b, but is sized so that it has dimensions (measured interms of width-to-length aspect ratio W/L) F times lower than the LVtransistor 30 b and is configured to conduct a current F times lowerthan the value assumed by I_(ON) (current that flows through the LVtransistor 30 b). The LV transistor 30 b and the transistor 92 furtherhave their respective control terminals connected together and biased atthe voltage V_(DD).

The negative feedback loop of the current detector 72 controls the gatevoltage of the transistor 91 so that the drain voltage of the transistor92 will be equal to the voltage across the capacitor 88. In use, currentalways flows in the output branch 90. In the step of FIG. 4A, thecurrent is variable and equal to I_(ON)/F, whereas in the step of FIG.4B the current is constant and equal to I_(p)/F. Sizing of thetransistor 92 guarantees that the current that flows in the outputbranch 90 is a fraction 1/F of the current I_(ON) (or of its peak valueI_(p), as has been said).

The negative feedback, obtained by the comparator 89 and the transistor91, ensures that the drain voltages of the transistors 30 b and 92 willbe identical. Consequently, the current that flows through thetransistor 92 assumes values equal to the value of I_(ON) scaled by thefactor F (when I_(ON) reaches the peak value I_(p), this current will beequal to I_(p)/F). There is thus generated a scaled copy of the factor Fof the peak current I_(p). Since both of the transistors 30 b and 92 arelow-voltage transistors (e.g., CMOSs) they provide excellent matchingproperties so that the factor F is minimally affected by problems ofmismatch between the transistors 30 b and 92 (as, instead, would be thecase, where the transistors 30 b and 92 were high-voltage transistors).This enables a scaled copy of the peak current I_(p) for being obtainedthat is stable and with reproducible value.

The negative feedback provided by the comparator 89 ensures that thesignal at input to the non-inverting terminal of the comparator 89 andthe signal at input to the inverting terminal of the comparator 89 areequal so that the LV transistor 30 b and the transistor 92 have the samesource-to-drain and drain-to-gate voltages.

A current mirror 90′, made in a per se known manner, is used forrepeating the current I_(ON)/F that flows in the branch 90 and supplyingit at output from the current detector 72.

The first current detector 72 further comprises a transistor 87 having adrain terminal common to the source terminal of the HV transistor 30 a,and its source terminal coupled to a capacitor 88 (the second terminalof the capacitor 88 is connected to the reference voltage GND). Thecontrol terminal G of the transistor 87 is connected to the controlterminal G of the HV transistor 30 a and to a biasing terminal at thevoltage V_(GATE) _(_) _(LS). In this way, the HV transistor 30 a and thetransistor 87 are driven into the ON/OFF state at the same time, usingthe same signal V_(GATE) _(_) _(LS) (in particular, with reference toFIG. 7, the signal generated at output from a first driving device 76).

During the time interval T_(DELAY) (situation of FIG. 4A), the HVtransistor 30 a is ON (the signal V_(GATE) _(_) _(LS) has a value suchas to drive the HV transistor 30 a into the ON state). In the same way,also the transistor 87 is ON. The capacitor 88 is consequently chargedat the voltage present on the first input terminal 25′ of the rectifiercircuit 24 (in the figure, the voltage across the capacitor 88 isdesignated by V_(C) _(_) _(SAMPLE)).

The comparator 89 is connected to the source terminal of the transistor87 and, when the transistor 87 is ON, it receives at input (on itsnon-inverting terminal) the voltage of the drain terminal of the LVtransistor 30 b, and at input (on its inverting terminal) the signalpresent on the drain terminal of the transistor 92 and on the sourceterminal of the transistor 91; the output of the comparator 89 iscoupled to the control terminal G of the transistor 91. The transistor91 is always ON; the comparator 89 biases the control terminal of thetransistor 91 so that the current I_(ON)/F flows in the branch 90, as isdesired.

When the HV transistor 30 a is OFF, also the transistor 87 is OFF, andthe capacitor 88 is in the floating state, ensuring, during the timeinterval T_(CHARGE), a current having a practically constant valuethrough the transistor 92 and equal to I_(p)/F.

In fact, during the step of supply of the capacitor 27/load 28, thecapacitor 88 ensures maintenance of the voltage V_(C) _(_) _(SAMPLE)across it, guaranteeing a substantially constant input signal (but forthe losses of the capacitor 88) on the non-inverting input of thecomparator 89. This enables generation of the current I_(ON)/F for beingkept unaltered on the output branch 90 of the first current detector 72during the step of FIG. 4B (in this step, the current I_(ON) has reachedthe peak value I_(p), and consequently a current I_(p)/F flows in theoutput branch 90 of the first current detector 72).

To return to FIG. 7, the control circuit 70 further comprises a secondcurrent detector 74, coupled between the source terminal S and the drainterminal D of the LV transistor 31 b. The second current detector 74 isconfigured to detect the value of current I_(OUT) that flows through theLV transistor 31 b during the operating step of FIG. 4B, i.e., followingupon charging of the capacitor 27. In particular, the second currentdetector 74 co-operates with the control logic 60 in order to detectwhether the current I_(L)=I_(OUT) through the LV transistor 31 b reachesthe minimum value envisaged I_(OFF)=I_(p)/K. The output signal of thesecond current detector 74, which indicates the value of current throughthe LV transistor 31 b, is supplied at input to the control logic 60.

The second current detector 74 receives at input the current I_(ON)/F(generated by the first current detector 72, as described previously),and switches when the current through the LV transistor 31 b reaches theminimum value envisaged, given by I_(OFF)=I_(p)/K.

The control circuit 70 further comprises the first driving device 76 anda second driving device 78, which are coupled, respectively, between thecontrol logic 60 and the control terminal G of the HV transistor 30 aand between the control logic 60 and the control terminal G of the HVtransistor 31 a. The first driving device 76 and the second drivingdevice 78 are, in themselves, of a known type, and are configured todrive the transistors 30 a, 31 a into the opening/closing condition onthe basis of a respective control signal received from the control logic60. In particular, in the operating condition of FIG. 4A (positivehalf-wave of the transduced signal V_(TRANSD)), the control logic 60drives, via the first driving device 76, the HV transistor 30 a into theON state and, via the second driving device 78, the HV transistor 31 ainto the ON state. On the basis of the signal generated at output fromthe first current detector 72, the control logic 60 detects whether thecurrent I_(L)=I_(ON) has reached (and/or exceeded) the threshold valueI_(TH) and whether the time T_(DELAY) has elapsed: if so, the controllogic 60 drives, via the first driving device 76, the HV transistor 30 ainto the OFF state and, via the second driving device 78, maintains theHV transistor 31 a in the ON state. Then, the control logic 60 monitors,on the basis of the signal received from the second current detector 74,the value of the current I_(L)=I_(OUT) through the LV transistor 31 b tocontrol passage from the operating condition of supply of the capacitor27/load 28 (FIG. 4B) to the operating condition of storage of energy inthe inductor 22 b (FIG. 4A).

FIG. 9 shows the second current detector 74 in greater detail.

The current detector 74 is electrically coupled to a node X set betweenthe drain terminal D of the LV transistor 31 b and the source terminal Sof the HV transistor 31 a, for receiving at input an intermediatevoltage signal V_(X) present on said node X. The current detector 74includes a coupling transistor 85, of an N type, having its drainterminal coupled to the node X and its gate terminal biased at voltageV_(DD). As in the case mentioned previously, the voltage V_(DD) ischosen with a value such as to drive into the ON state the couplingtransistor 85, which thus remains always ON during the operating stepsof the energy harvesting system.

The current detector 74 further includes a comparator 84, having aninverting input electrically coupled to the reference voltage GND and anon-inverting input electrically coupled to the source terminal of thecoupling transistor 85. In other words, the non-inverting input of thecomparator 84 and the source terminal of the coupling transistor 85 arecoupled to the same node Y, having a voltage V_(Y). The node Y furtherreceives the current signal I_(ON)/F generated at output by the firstcurrent detector 72.

The comparator 84 generates at output a signal V_(OUTCOMP) that isconfigured to assume alternatively a high logic value “1” and a lowlogic value “0” according to the value assumed by the signal V_(Y).

The coupling transistor 85 presents in use an internal resistance(channel resistance, or ON-state resistance) R_(DMY)=G·R_(LS), whereR_(LS) is the internal resistance (channel resistance, or ON-stateresistance) of the LV transistor 31 b. In other words, the resistanceR_(DMY) is chosen equal to a multiple G of R_(LS).

In use, it is found that the voltage V_(X) on the node X is given by:V _(X) =−I _(L) ·R _(LS)

and the voltage V_(Y) on the node Y is given byV _(Y) =V _(X) +G·R _(LS) ·I _(ON) /F

Thus,V _(Y) =−I _(L) ·R _(LS) G/F·I _(ON) ·R _(LS)

The output V_(OUTCOMP) of the comparator 84 changes its logic value whenthe voltage V_(Y) reaches the threshold defined by the reference voltageGND, in this example chosen equal to 0 V. We obtain that the output ofthe comparator 84 changes its logic value when V_(Y)=0. From thiscondition it follows that the output V_(OUTCOMP) identifies the factthat, the value of scaled copy I_(ON)/K has been reached by the outputcurrent I_(L)=T_(OUT). In fact, setting V_(Y)=0 in the previousequation, we have that the threshold current I_(L) (i.e., the thresholdcurrent T_(OUT)) is equal to (G/F)·I_(ON). The constant K isconsequently equal to F/G. It is pointed out that, as illustratedpreviously, in use, the value of I_(ON) at which there occurs passagefrom the step of FIG. 4A to the step of FIG. 4B is equal to I_(p).Consequently, we find that the change of logic value of the signalV_(OUTCOMP) identifies that the threshold (G/F)·I_(p)=I_(p)/K has beenreached.

With reference once again to FIG. 7, the signal V_(OUTCOMP) of thecomparator 84 is received by the control logic 60, which controls, onthe basis of the value of V_(OUTCOMP) received, passage from the step ofFIG. 4B to the step of FIG. 4A. For instance, a value V_(OUTCOMP)=“0”identifies a situation in which the current I_(OUT) has not yet reachedthe threshold I_(OFF); instead, a value V_(OUTCOMP)=“1” identifies asituation in which V_(Y)=0 and the current I_(OUT) has reached thethreshold I_(OFF).

Preferably, the transistors 31 b, 92 and 85 are low-voltage transistorsmanufactured with the same technology (e.g., CMOS technology) so thatthey guarantee optimal matching properties such that the factor G isminimally affected by problems of mismatch between the transistors 31 b,92, and 85 (as instead would be the case, where both of the transistorswere high-voltage transistors). Stabilizing G around a desired valuecorresponds to stabilizing the values of K and F around the valueschosen. The parameter K thus has a minimal spread around the chosen anddesired value.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the transistors 92(FIG. 8) and 85 (FIG. 9) are provided in the form of modulartransistors. The transistors 92 and 85 may be obtained as a series orparallel combination of the same basic module for minimizing themismatch between the factors F and G, and thus render the parameter K“stable”.

For instance, the transistor 92 is formed by connecting, in parallel toone another, a plurality of basic modules (each module being alow-voltage MOSFET with aspect ratio W_(b)/L_(b)) so that the sourceterminals of each basic module are electrically connected together to acommon source node, and the drain terminals of each basic module areelectrically connected together to a common drain node. The gateterminals of each basic module are selectively driven into the ON stateor the OFF state to form, in use, the transistor 92, the aspect ratioW/L of which is a multiple of the aspect ratio W_(b)/L_(b) of each basicmodule. In this way, by turning on/turning off selectively one or morebasic modules, it is possible to regulate the total amount of currentcarried by the transistor 92 and consequently regulate the value of theratio 1:F between the transistor 92 and the transistor 30 b.

A similar solution may be applied to form the transistor 85, withvariable value of G. In this case, it is possible to connect, inparallel to one another, a plurality of series of basic modules oflow-voltage MOSFETs, which have the same aspect ratio (for example,W_(b)/L_(b)). Each series of basic modules presents, in use, arespective electrical resistance to the passage of the current. Byselectively activating/deactivating the series of the basic modules thatform the transistor 85, it is thus possible to regulate the value ofelectrical resistance represented by the transistor 85 in use. Thetransistor 85 behaves as a resistor with a variable resistance that maybe selected according to the requirement.

Consequently, the values of F and G may be chosen according to the need,as a function of the value of the parameter K that it is desired to usefor the specific application.

Turning-on/turning-off of the basic modules of the transistors 85 and 92is performed by the control logic during use. For this purpose, thecontrol logic includes a memory 83 that stores the information regardingwhich and/or how many basic modules of the transistors 85 and 92 are forbeing turned on. If the memory 83 is of the re-writeable type, thisinformation may be updated/modified according to the need.

The transistors 30 b, 92 and 85 are the components via which we it ispossible to control I_(TH), the factors F and G, and consequently thefactor K. By providing them in a modular form, as has been described,they may be readily configured via the memory 83 and appropriate drivingdevices, for enabling/disabling a certain number of basic modules thusobtaining respective equivalent transistors, which have a desiredrespective aspect ratio W/L.

Thus, with just one device, appropriately configured via the informationstored in the integrated memory 83, it is possible to vary freelyI_(TH), T_(DELAY) and K and thus adapt to a very wide range oftransducers available on the market.

With reference to FIG. 10, a control circuit 70′ is illustrated fordriving both of the HV transistors 30 a and 31 a into the ON/OFF statein order to implement the operating conditions of charging of theinductor 22 b and supply of the capacitor 27 (and/or load 28) forpositive half-waves (V_(IN) ⁺) and negative half-waves (V_(IN) ⁻) of theinput signal V_(IN).

Elements of the control circuit 70′ that are similar to elements of thecontrol circuit 70 of FIG. 7 are designated by the same referencenumbers and will not be described any further.

The control circuit 70′ comprises, in addition to what has already beendescribed with reference to the control circuit 70 of FIG. 7, a thirdcurrent detector 72′, and a fourth current detector 74′.

The third current detector 72′ is similar to the first current detector72, and consequently is not described and illustrated any further in thefigures. The third current detector 72′, unlike the first currentdetector 72, is electrically coupled between the reference terminal GND(corresponding to the source terminal of the LV transistor 31 b) and thedrain terminal of the LV transistor 31 b, and generates at output acurrent signal (I_(ON)/F)′.

The fourth current detector 74′ is similar to the second currentdetector 74, and consequently is not described and illustrated anyfurther in the figures. The fourth current detector 74′, unlike thesecond current detector 74, is electrically coupled between thereference terminal GND (corresponding to the source terminal of the LVtransistor 30 b) and the drain terminal of the LV transistor 30 b, andfurther receives at input the current signal (I_(ON)/F)′ generated bythe third current detector 72′.

Operation of the third and fourth current detectors is altogethersimilar to what has already been described with reference to the firstand second current detectors 72 and 74 and consequently is immediatelyevident to a person skilled in the branch.

In use, when a positive half-wave of the input signal V_(IN) isdetected, the control logic 60 monitors just the signals generated atoutput from the first signal detector 72 (V_(OUT) _(_) _(TH)) and fromthe second signal detectors 74 (V_(OUTCOMP)) to evaluate passage fromthe step of charging of the inductor 22 b to the step of supply of thecapacitor 27/load 28, and vice versa. Instead, when a negative half-waveof the input signal V_(IN) is detected, the control logic 60 monitorsjust the signals generated at output from the third signal detector 72′(V_(OUT) _(_) _(TH)′) and from the fourth signal detectors 74′(V_(OUTCOMP)′) to evaluate passage from the step of charging of theinductor 22 b to the step of supply of the capacitor 27/load 28, andvice versa.

The control logic 60 implements the method for control of the HVtransistors 30 a, 30 b, 31 a and 31 b described previously andillustrated schematically in FIG. 11, by a flowchart.

With reference to FIG. 11 (step 100), the HV transistors 30 a and 31 aare closed. It is considered in the sequel of the description that theLV transistors 30 b and 31 b will always be in the closed state(situation of FIG. 3B).

In this way, the inductor 22 b is charged via the current I_(L)=I_(ON)that flows through the HV transistors 30 a and 31 a.

The value of current I_(L)=I_(ON) is monitored (step 102) for detectingwhether it reaches (or exceeds) the required threshold value I_(TH). Atthe same time, the control logic 60 monitors the time intervalT_(DELAY). In this case, the time t0 of start of the time intervalT_(DELAY) corresponds to the instant of closing of the HV transistors 30a, 31 a, according to step 100.

In the case where the current I_(L) has not reached the threshold I_(TH)or the time T_(DELAY) has not elapsed (output NO from step 102), it isnecessary to wait for both of these conditions for being satisfied andthe control logic 60 maintain the system 20 in the states 100, 102 untilthe condition I_(L)≥I_(TH) is satisfied. Otherwise (output YES from step102), control passes to the next step 104.

In step 104 a check is made to verify whether the input voltage V_(IN)has positive or negative polarity. This operation may be performed bythe comparator 86, which receives the signal V_(IN) ⁺ at input.

As has already been said, a circuit equivalent to what is illustrated inFIG. 8 is coupled (in a way not illustrated in the figure) to the HVtransistor 31 a, and used in a similar way for receiving the signal withnegative polarity V_(IN) ⁻.

In the case where the input voltage V_(IN) has a positive polarity,control passes to step 106 (output YES from step 104), where the HVtransistor 30 a is opened, thus supplying the capacitor 27/load 28 viathe diode 36.

In the case where the input voltage V_(IN) has a negative polarity,control passes instead to step 108 (output NO from step 104), where thecapacitor 27/load 28 is supplied via the diode 38.

From steps 106 and 108 control passes to step 110, where the controllogic 60 monitors just one between the signals V_(OUTCOMP) andV_(OUTCOMP)′ (from the second current detector 74 and, respectively,fourth current detector 74′, according to the polarity of the inputsignal) to detect whether the current I_(OUT) assumes a value equal toI_(OFF). As long as I_(OUT)>I_(OFF), the control logic 60 keeps thesystem 20 in the step of charging of the capacitor 27/supply of the load28. When I_(OUT)≤I_(OFF), control returns to step 100. Steps 100-104 arecarried out, as described with reference to FIGS. 5A-5 c, in a timeinterval equal to at least T_(DELAY) until the current in the inductorreaches the threshold I_(TH), whereas steps 106-110 are carried out in atime interval equal to T_(CHARGE).

The control logic 60 is, for example, a microcontroller, or finite-statemachine, configured to drive the HV transistors 30 a and 31 a in orderto execute the steps of the method of FIG. 11. In particular, thecontrol logic is integrated in the same device that forms the energyharvesting interface according to the present invention (i.e., it is notan external component).

According to an embodiment alternative to the one illustrated in FIGS.3A and 3B, the diodes 36 and 38 may be replaced by a respectiveN-channel MOSFET, or by any active component appropriately controlledfor implementing the step of the present invention. This embodiment isillustrated in FIG. 12 (energy harvesting system 20′ which may also beused in the wind generator 200 of FIG. 14). These transistors aredesignated by the reference numbers 36′ and 38′, respectively. Thetransistors 36′ and 38′ are controlled in an active way, by activelydriving them in conduction or inhibition. This control is carried out bythe control logic 60, possibly by interposition of respective drivingblocks. More in particular, the control logic 60 turns on the transistor36′ at positive half-waves of the input voltage V_(IN) and as itverifies that the current I_(ON) has reached the value I_(p) for gettingenergy to flow to the capacitor 27/load 28. Likewise, the control logic60 turns on the transistor 38′ at negative half-waves of the inputvoltage V_(IN) and at as it verifies that the current I_(ON) has reacheda value, in modulus, equal to I_(p) for getting energy to flow to thecapacitor 27/load 28.

FIG. 13 shows, by a flowchart, a method for control of the HVtransistors 30 a, 30 b, 31 a, 31 b, 36′ and 38′.

With reference to FIG. 13 (step 120), the HV transistors 30 a and 31 aare closed. The transistors 36′ and 38′ instead, are opened. It isassumed, in the sequel of the description, that the LV transistors 30 band 31 b are always in the closed state. In this way, the inductor 22 bis charged via the current I_(L)=I_(ON) that flows through the HVtransistors 30 a and 31 a.

The value of current I_(L)=I_(ON) is monitored (step 122) for detectingwhether it reaches (or exceeds) the threshold value I_(TH) required. Atthe same time, the control logic 60 monitors the time intervalT_(DELAY). In this case, the time t₀ of start of the time intervalT_(DELAY) corresponds to the instant of closing of the HV transistors 30a, 31 a, according to step 120.

In the case where the current I_(L) has not reached the threshold I_(TH)or the time T_(DELAY) has not elapsed (output NO from step 122), it isnecessary to wait for both of these conditions for being satisfied, andthe control logic 60 keeps the system 20 in the states 120, 122 untilthe condition I_(L)≥I_(TH) is satisfied. Otherwise (output YES from step122), control passes to the next step 124.

In step 124, a check is made to verify whether the input voltage V_(IN)has positive or negative polarity.

In the case where the input voltage V_(IN) has a positive polarity,control passes to step 126 (output YES from step 124), where the HVtransistor 30 a is turned off and the transistor 36′ is turned on, thussupplying the capacitor 27/load 28 via the transistor 36′.

In the case where the input voltage V_(IN) has a negative polarity,control passes instead to step 128 (output NO from step 124), where thecapacitor 27/load 28 is supplied via the transistor 38′.

From steps 126 and 128 control passes to step 130, where the controllogic 60 monitors just one between the signals V_(OUTCOMP) andV_(OUTCOMP)′ (according to the polarity of the input signal) to detectwhether the current I_(OUT) assumes a value equal to I_(OFF). As long asI_(OUT)>I_(OFF), the control logic 60 keeps the system 20 in the step ofcharging of the capacitor 27/supply of the load 28. WhenI_(OUT)≤I_(OFF), control returns to step 120.

From an examination of the characteristics of the invention providedaccording to the present disclosure the advantages that it affordsemerge clearly.

In the first place, the implementations described herein enableoptimization of use of the energy harvesting interface in such a way tomaximize the efficiency in a way depending upon the environmentalstimulus.

In particular, both T_(DELAY) and the parameter K have a highlyreproducible value (minimal spread) for increasing the performance,sturdiness, and efficiency of the system 20, 20′, minimizing themismatch between the positive polarity and negative polarity of thesignal of the transducer and preventing phenomena of reversal of theflow of current from the capacitor 27 to the input terminals 25′, 25″ ofthe rectifier circuit 24.

The scavenging efficiency is likewise high even when the amplitude ofthe signal V_(TRANSD) of the transducer 22 is lower than the voltagevalue stored in the capacitor 27, thus overcoming a limitation of thediode-bridge rectifier architecture.

Furthermore, since in the case of a transducer 22 of an electromagnetictype the rectifier 24 exploits the inductor 22 b of the transducer 22,the scavenging efficiency is high even when the amplitude of the signalof the transducer is low. In this way, the limitation imposed by thediode-bridge rectifiers, which require a voltage of the transducerV_(TRANSD) higher than 2V_(TH) _(_) _(D), where V_(TH) _(_) _(D) is thethreshold voltage of the diodes of the rectifier, is overcome.

The method described enables implementation of an active control (of themean value and of the ripple) of the current supplied by the transducer,and enables an optimal impedance matching between the transducer 22 andthe energy harvesting interface 24. This ensures a high efficiencyη_(SCAV) of the energy harvesting interface 24 b irrespective of theconditions of storage of the energy in the capacitor 27.

Furthermore, as has been said, the value of the interval T_(DELAY) maybe varied according to the particular application in which the rectifier24 operates. The rectifier 24 thus finds use in systems different fromthe energy harvesting system 20, 20′, based upon electromagnetictransducers of any type.

In addition, the rectifier circuit 24 may be used with transducers ofsome other type, with interposition of an appropriate circuit betweenthe transducer and the rectifier circuit configured to provide an energyaccumulator similar to the inductor 22 b.

Further, the rectifier 24 according to the present invention and theenergy harvesting system 20, 20′ are of a fully integrated type, andconsequently require minimal installation space.

Finally, environmental-energy harvesting is obtained even when thesignal of the transducer is lower than the voltage value stored on theoutput capacitor, which is not possible using a diode-bridge interfaceof a known type as illustrated in FIG. 1. According to the presentinvention, the energy harvesting interface 24 is thus able to harvestenergy even when the power supplied by the transducer is very low.

Finally, it is clear that modifications and variations may be made towhat has been described and illustrated herein, without therebydeparting from the scope of the present invention, as defined in theannexed claims.

In particular, according to one embodiment, the rectifier circuit 24 maycomprise a number of transistors different from what has been described.For instance, the rectifier circuit 24 may be a half-wave rectifier,comprising just the current detectors 72 and 74 or, alternatively, justthe current detectors 72′ and 74′. Use of a half-wave rectifier may beadvantageous in the case where the input signal V_(IN) is of a knowntype and comprises only positive (or negative) half-waves. Its use is,however, not recommended (albeit possible) in energy harvesting systemsin so far as part of the input signal would be lost, at the expense ofthe efficiency of the system as a whole.

Furthermore, it is not always necessary for both the conditionst>T_(DELAY) and I_(L)>I_(TH) expressed with reference to the operatingcondition of FIG. 4A for being satisfied. In particular, for voltagesignals generated by transducers 22 of a known type, the voltage valuealways reaches peaks such as to enable the threshold I_(TH) for beingexceeded within the time T_(DELAY). Furthermore, an appropriate choiceof T_(DELAY) always guarantees, for practical purposes, reaching of aminimum acceptable threshold I_(TH).

In addition, there may be present a plurality of transducers 22,indifferently all of the same type or of different types. For instance,the transducer/transducers may be chosen in the group comprising:electrochemical transducers (configured to convert chemical energy intoan electrical signal), electromechanical transducers (configured toconvert mechanical energy into an electrical signal), electro-acoustictransducers (configured to convert variations of acoustic pressure intoan electrical signal), electromagnetic transducers (configured toconvert a magnetic field into an electrical signal), photo-electrictransducers (configured to convert light energy into an electricalsignal), electrostatic transducers, thermoelectric transducers,piezoelectric transducers, thermo-acoustic transducers, thermomagnetictransducers, and thermo-ionic transducers.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An energy harvesting interface, comprising:a transducer coupled to input terminals and configured to generate atransduced electrical signal as a function of an environmental stimulusapplied to the transducer, wherein the transducer is of a resonant typeconfigured to generate the transduced electrical signal having aresonance frequency that uniquely identifies a current value of saidenvironmental stimulus; a first energy storage element coupled to theinput terminals; an input energy recirculation circuit configured tocharge the first energy storage element from the transduced electricalsignal; an output energy transfer circuit configured to supply outputterminals with an electrical supply signal that is a function of theenergy stored in the first energy storage element; and a control logicconfigured to control the input energy recirculation circuit and theoutput energy transfer circuit to: store said electrical energy in thefirst energy storage element during a storage time interval and untilthe electrical energy stored in the first energy storage element reachesa first threshold value; supply the output terminals through the outputenergy transfer stage by discharging the first energy storage elementafter the storage time interval has elapsed; and supply the outputterminals as long as the electrical supply signal has a value higherthan a second threshold value, and means for sensing the current valueof said environmental stimulus, wherein the means for sensing isconfigured to sense said resonance frequency; wherein the storage timeinterval and the second threshold value are set as a function of thesensed current value of said environmental stimulus.
 2. The energyharvesting interface according to claim 1, wherein the control logicincludes a memory that stores a database, said database comprising aplurality of first fields, each first field storing a respective pair ofconfiguration values associated to the storage time interval and to thesecond threshold value, and a plurality of second fields, each secondfield storing a respective value of said environmental stimulus, thecontrol logic further configured to identify which of the second fieldsof the database stores a value closest to said current value ofenvironmental stimulus, and set the storage time interval and the secondthreshold value associated to the second field identified.
 3. The energyharvesting interface according to claim 1, wherein the input energyrecirculation circuit comprises: a first switch and a second switchconnected in series with each other between a first input terminal and asecond output terminal; and a third switch and a fourth switch connectedin series with each other between a second input terminal and the secondoutput terminal, and wherein the output energy transfer circuitcomprises: a first charge-transfer element connected between the firstinput terminal and a first output terminal; and a second charge-transferelement connected between the second input terminal and the first outputterminal, and further comprising: a first electrical-signal sensingdevice coupled to the terminals of the second switch and configured todetect whether the electric storage current that flows through thesecond switch reaches a first threshold value, said electric storagecurrent being associated to the electrical charge stored in the firstenergy storage element; and a second electrical-signal sensing devicecoupled to the terminals of the fourth switch and configured to detectwhether the electric supply current that flows through the fourth switchreaches a second threshold value lower than the first threshold value,the control logic further configured to: close the first, second, third,and fourth switches at least for the storage time interval and until theelectric storage current reaches the first threshold value; open thefirst switch generating the electric supply current for supplying asecond energy storage element through the first charge-transfer elementby discharging the first energy storage element; and keep the firstswitch open as long as the value of electric supply current is higherthan said second threshold value.
 4. The energy harvesting interfaceaccording to claim 3, wherein, when the first threshold value has beenreached, the first and second electric-signal sensing devices co-operatefor generating said second threshold value.
 5. The energy harvestinginterface according to claim 4, wherein the first electrical-signalsensing device comprises: a first comparator coupled to the terminals ofthe second switch for comparing the value of the electric storagecurrent with the first threshold value; and a current mirror configuredto generate a scaled copy, scaled by a first proportionality factor, ofthe electric storage current; and wherein the second electrical-signalsensing device comprises: a scaling resistor having a resistance valuethat is equal to the value of resistance of the fourth switch multipliedby a second proportionality factor and coupled between the fourth switchand an intermediate node, and configured to generate, at theintermediate node, a sum voltage signal given by the sum of the voltagesignal across the fourth switch, which is a function of the outputcurrent, and the voltage signal across the scaling resistor, which is afunction of said scaled copy of the electric storage current; and asecond comparator having a first conduction terminal biased at a zeroreference-voltage value and a second conduction terminal coupled to theintermediate node and configured to generate a comparison signalidentifying a condition where the sum voltage signal has a substantiallyzero value.
 6. The energy harvesting interface according to claim 5,wherein the condition where the sum voltage signal has the substantiallyzero value corresponds to a signal of output electric supply currentthat flows through the third and fourth switches equal to the peak valueof the electric storage current reduced according to a thirdproportionality factor that is equal to the first proportionality factordivided by the second proportionality factor.
 7. The energy harvestinginterface according to claim 6, wherein said peak value reduced by thethird proportionality factor is said second threshold value, and whereinthe values stored in the first fields of the database, associated to arespective second threshold value, are respective values of the thirdproportionality factor.
 8. The energy harvesting interface according toclaim 1, wherein the transducer is of an electromagnetic type includingan inductor, said first energy storage element being the inductor ofsaid transducer of an electromagnetic type.
 9. An energy harvestingsystem configured to supply an electrical load, comprising: anelectrical-energy harvesting interface comprising: a transducer coupledto input terminals and configured to generate a transduced electricalsignal as a function of an environmental stimulus applied to thetransducer, wherein the transducer is of a resonant type configured togenerate the transduced electrical signal having a resonance frequencythat uniquely identifies a current value of said environmental stimulus;an energy storage element coupled to the input terminals; an inputenergy recirculation circuit configured to charge the energy storageelement from the transduced electrical signal; an output energy transfercircuit configured to supply output terminals with an electrical supplysignal that is a function of energy stored in the energy storageelement; and a control logic configured to control the input energyrecirculation circuit and the output energy transfer circuit to: storeelectrical energy in the energy storage element during a storage timeinterval and until the electrical energy stored in the energy storageelement reaches a first threshold value; supply the electrical loadthrough the output energy transfer stage by discharging the energystorage element after the storage time interval has elapsed; and supplythe electrical load as long as the electrical supply signal has a valuehigher than a second threshold value, and means for sensing the currentvalue of said environmental stimulus, wherein the means for sensing isconfigured to sense said resonance frequency; wherein the storage timeinterval and the second threshold value are set as a function of thesensed current value of said environmental stimulus; and anelectrical-energy accumulator coupled to the output terminals of theelectrical-energy harvesting interface for receiving at input theelectrical supply signal and is configured to store electrical energy tosupply the electrical load.
 10. The system according to claim 9, furthercomprising a DC-DC converter connected between the electrical-energyaccumulator and the electrical load, said DC-DC converter beingconfigured to supply the electrical load via the electrical energystored in the electrical-energy accumulator.
 11. The system according toclaim 9, wherein the transducer is selected from the group consisting ofa wind generator, a solar generator, a thermoelectric generator, and avibration-powered generator.
 12. The system according to claim 9,wherein the control logic includes a memory that stores a database, saiddatabase comprising a plurality of first fields, each first fieldstoring a respective pair of configuration values associated to thestorage time interval and to the second threshold value, and a pluralityof second fields, each second field storing a respective value of saidenvironmental stimulus, the control logic further configured to identifywhich of the second fields of the database stores a value closest tosaid current value of environmental stimulus, and set the storage timeinterval and the second threshold value associated to the second fieldidentified.
 13. A method for harvesting energy by means of an energyharvesting interface having input terminals and output terminals forcoupling to an electrical load to be supplied by means of an electricalsupply signal, the method comprising the steps of: generating by atransducer of a resonant type an electrical input signal as a functionof an environmental stimulus, the transduced electrical signal having aresonance frequency that uniquely identifies a current value of saidenvironmental stimulus; charging an energy storage element coupled tothe input terminals from the electrical input signal during a storagetime interval and until the electrical energy stored in the storageelement reaches a first threshold value; sensing the current value ofthe environmental stimulus, wherein sensing comprises sensing theresonance frequency; setting a value of the storage time interval as afunction of the sensed current value of said environmental stimulus;setting a second threshold value as a function of said sensed currentvalue of the environmental stimulus; and supplying the electrical loadwith the electrical supply signal generated from the energy stored inthe storage element by discharging the storage element after the storagetime interval has elapsed, said supplying the electrical load continuingas long as the electrical supply signal has a value higher than a secondthreshold value.
 14. The method according to claim 13, furthercomprising the steps of: defining a database comprising a plurality offirst fields and a plurality of second fields; storing, in the firstfields of the database, a respective pair of configuration valuesrespectively associated to the storage time interval and to the secondthreshold value; storing, in the second fields of the database, arespective value of said environmental stimulus; identifying which ofthe second fields of the database stores the value closest to saidsensed current value of environmental stimulus; and setting the storagetime interval and the second threshold value associated to the secondfield identified.